The Sun of Kutlesh

This 16-rayed star is the national Macedonian royal symbol of Philip of Macedon, Alexander the
Great, and the ancient Macedonian Empire.
This ancient Macedonian symbol is also known as
the Macedonian Star, Macedonian Sun, Sun of
Vergina, and Star of Vergina, after the location
of the Macedonian royal tombs.
NO WORDING of greek in those paragraphs is there

Genetic prove that Macedonains are different than greeks

WILL GENETICS FINALLY RESOLVE THE GREEK-MACEDONIAN DISPUTE?

The researchers reached the following conclusions:

· Macedonians belong to the "older" Mediterranean substratum, like Iberians (including Basques), North Africans, Italians, French, Cretans, Jews, Lebanese, Turks (Anatolians), Armenians and Iranians.

· Macedonians are not related with geographically close Greeks, who do not belong to the "older" Mediterranean substratum.

· Greeks are found to have a substantial relatedness to sub-Saharan (Ethiopian) people, which separate them from other Mediterranean groups.

It seams that Genetics, besides history itself, will be able to shed more precise light on the origins of the different peoples that have and still inhabit the Mediterranean basin. Researchers from the Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, H. 12 de Octubre, at the “Universidad Complutense”, from Madrid, Spain, and Tissue Typing Laboratory Institute of Blood Transfusion, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, conducted the first genetic research on Macedonians and compared them to other Mediterranean populations. Ten researchers (Arnaiz-Villena A, Dimitroski K, Pacho A, Moscoso J, Gomez-Casado E, Silvera-Redondo C, Varela P, Blagoevska M, Zdravkovska V, and Martinez-Laso J.) were involved in the research, whose aim was “to determine the relative contributions of Macedonians and Greeks to the present-day genetic pool of Mediterranean peoples”, and for that “purpose, both HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigens) class I and class II DNA typing have been studied in Macedonians for the first time”.

The study “HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks” is presented in the Danish medical journal “Tissue Antigens”, February 2001, volume 57, issue 2, pages 118-127. Everyone that visits the website www.blackwellmunksgaard.com/tissueantigens (the link can also be found through www.historyofmacedonia.org) can read the following Abstract:

“HLA alleles have been determined in individuals from the Republic of Macedonia by DNA typing and sequencing. HLA-A, -B, -DR, -DQ allele frequencies and extended haplotypes have been for the first time determined and the results compared to those of other Mediterraneans, particularly with their neighbouring Greeks. Genetic distances, neighbor-joining dendrograms and correspondence analysis have been performed. The following conclusions have been reached: 1) Macedonians belong to the "older" Mediterranean substratum, like Iberians (including Basques), North Africans, Italians, French, Cretans, Jews, Lebanese, Turks (Anatolians), Armenians and Iranians; 2) Macedonians are not related with geographically close Greeks, who do not belong to the "older" Mediterranean substratum; 3) Greeks are found to have a substantial relatedness to sub-Saharan (Ethiopian) people, which separate them from other Mediterranean groups. Both Greeks and Ethiopians share quasi-specific DRB1 alleles, such as *0305, *0307, *0411, *0413, *0416, *0417, *0420, *1110, *1112, *1304 and *1310. Genetic distances are closer between Greeks and Ethiopian/sub-Saharan groups than to any other Mediterranean group and finally Greeks cluster with Ethiopians/sub-Saharans in both neighbour joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses. The time period when these relationships might have occurred was ancient but uncertain and might be related to the displacement of Egyptian-Ethiopian people living in pharaonic Egypt.”

The study used the following samples for their calculations: 172 unrelated ethnic Macedonians from Skopje; 98 Moroccans; 98 Berbers; 94 Moroccan Jews; 176 Spaniards; 80 Basques; 228 Portuguese; 179 French; 102 Algerians; 91 Sardinians; 284 Italians; 80 Ashkenazi Jews; 80 non-Ashkenazi Jews; 135 Cretans; 85 Greeks from the Aegean; 95 Greeks from Attica; 101 Greeks from Cyprus; 59 Lebanese from Niha el Shouff; 93 Lebanese from Kafar Zubian; 100 Iranians; 228 Turks; 105 Armenians; 101 Egyptians from Siwa; 83 Oromo; 98 Amhara; 38 Fulani; 39 Rimaibe; 42 Mossi; 77 San (Bushmen); 192 Senegalese; and 86 South African Blacks.

The results of the study make a number of interesting conclusions. First of all, it shows that the “Macedonians are related to other Mediterraneans and do not show a close relationship with Greeks”; however the Macedonians have a close relationship to the Cretans. “This”, the researchers conclude, “supports the theory that the Macedonians are one of the most ancient peoples existing in the Balkans, probably long before (the) arrival of the Mycaenian Greeks about 2000 B.C.”

The researchers were surprised to find out that “the reason why the Greeks did not show a close relatedness with all the other Mediterraneans analyzed”, was because the Greeks had a “genetic relationship with the sub-Saharan ethnic groups now residing in Ethiopia, Sudan and West Africa (Burkina-Fasso)”.

Dragi Stojkovski

Macedonian Herald, November-December, 2001, Toronto

Macedonia in Geography greek book

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DIfference between hellen and MACEDONIAN

lthough the words Hellas and Hellen (and the other two Englishequivalents Greece and Greek) have been used to describe thecountry and the people of modern day Greece, their use in ancienttimes differed in various periods of time.The usage of these words to describe the various hellenictribes as a whole was unknown to the people of the Homeric poems.In Iliad, the words Hellen (Gk: ELLHN) and Hellas (Gk: ELLAS) de-fined a small greek tribe and the land inhabited by them inThessaly. (Iliad B' 683) OI T' EIXON FUIHN HD' ELLADA KALLI-GYNAIKA, MYRMIDONES DE KALEYNTO KAI ELLHNES KAIAXAIOI. At some earlier line (B' 530) there is a reference tothe word PANELLHNVN. This word since the time of Aristarchoshas been considered to be absent in the original poem and was ad-ded at some later time.Plutarchos (Lykourgos 6) wrote about the message brought fromDelphoi to Sparta by Lykourgos DIOS (S)ELLANIOU KAI AUHNAS(S)ELLANIAS IERON IDRYSAMENON.... Because of this reference, itis believed that the words Hellas and Hellen became morewidely used after the dispersion of the Dorians. It is also pos-sible that they were sacred words possibly related to the(S)elles priests of the Dodonian Zeus.[the parenthesized (S) is to mean that the S say in the word SEL-LANIOY was later dropped from use thus giving ELLANIOY.]The words Hellas and Hellen became more widely used some time inthe 8-7th century BC and in the 5th century BC we find the firstreferences of them to describe the lands and the Greek peopleliving south of river Peneios. In the 4th century BC and laterthey were also used to describe the various hellenic (greek)tribes as a whole. The passage from Herodotos (I,56), mentionedin a previous Question indicated another use of these words, thatof distinguishing Ionian Greeks from Dorian Greek.Since the Macedonians were pretty much isolated from the Greeksof Southern Greece up to the early 5th century BC, the words'Hellas' and 'Hellen' were not used by them to describe collec-tively the lands of various hellenic tribes, as this was alsotrue for all the other greek tribes until the 8-7th century BC.Hence when the Macedonians initiated contacts with other Greektribes they continued to use the word 'Macedonian' to describethemselves instead of the collective 'Hellen(es)'. This is thereason various authors (such as Isocrates, Philippos 154) use theterm Hellenes and Macedonians on the one hand and 'barbari-ans on the other to distinguish the greek tribes (of Macedoni-ans and other Hellenes) from the non-greek ones (barbarians).The intellectual Athenians of the 4th century gave yet anotherdefinition for the word Hellen (Isocrates, Panegyrikos 50 ),that of the person having an Athenian educational background,... the name 'Hellenes' suggests no longer the people but an in-telligence, and that the title 'Hellenes' is applied rather tothose who share our [note: the 'our' refers to the Athenians]culture than to those who share a common blood.

Here is the truth!!!